Dissertations / Theses: 'Tariffs and networks' – Grafiati (2024)

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Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Technology and Policy Program, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 50-54).
The proliferation of distributed energy resources (DERs) in electric distribution networks brings both challenges and opportunities to the management of the electric grid. In the right locations these resources can provide value to the network by reducing congestion and losses and deferring investment in network upgrades. To unlock this value, however, more efficient economic signals need to be sent to the network users who ultimately make the decisions to install and operate these technologies. This thesis proposes a modeling framework for evaluating the impact of tariff structure on the adoption of DERs within distribution networks, and their ensuing impact on network cost drivers. The framework combines a dynamic end user model, which simulates the operational and investment decisions of electric customers, with a distribution-level power flow model that allows for precise observation and allocation of network costs. Case studies suggest that the types of technologies and their patterns of adoption within the network are likely to differ significantly depending on the pricing scheme. Prices that incorporate the cost of losses and congestion within the distribution network are shown to lead to DER adoption patterns that result in the greatest benefits to both customers and the network. I conclude with policy recommendations and directions for future research.
by Samuel C. Huntington.
S.M. in Technology and Policy

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With a deepening penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs), distribution network service providers (DNSP) in most jurisdictions are faced with the challenge of designing tariff structures that are reflective of forward-looking network capacity costs, while ensuring a non-discriminatory, secure and reliable network for all end-users. Nonetheless, most electricity users seek to minimise their energy expenditure by participating in demand response programs or by actively managing their energy use through a home energy management system. Thus, DNSPs need to send accurate price signals to customers if they must achieve the desired peak demand targets. However, with inefficient pricing in place, DNSP loss in revenue and unfair cost allocation between customers may result. This thesis aims to address these challenges through a systematic technical and economic assessment of distribution networks with DER-enabled customers. To begin, a review of the performance of the state-of-the-art energy management methods is done in view of practicality and computational requirements while critiquing the modelling assumptions of each method. Next, a techno-economic assessment of grid defection is performed, based on the trade-off between the reliability and the levelised cost of electricity of residential PV-battery systems. Afterwards, the techno-economic impacts of different network tariffs, on low voltage networks are evaluated considering grid-connected customers, under various PV-battery penetration levels. Lastly, a benchmark for measuring the cost-reflectivity of network tariffs using cooperative game theory is proposed, which fairly apportions network costs to several customers with minimal error and computational burden. In brief, this thesis provides tools and analyses to guide DNSPs in designing DER-specific network tariffs which better signals network cost drivers, thus fostering customer participation while improving the equity of network cost allocations even with high DER penetration levels.

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La diffusion des panneaux solaires photovoltaïques à prix abordables nous amène à repenser à la manière avec laquelle les coûts des réseaux de distribution sont récupérés auprès des consommateurs. Historiquement, les consommateurs étaient facturés pour l'utilisation du réseau de distribution principalement sur la base de leur volume (net) d'électricité consommé. Avec tel type de tarif de réseau, les consommateurs qui installent des panneaux photovoltaïques contribuent beaucoup moins à la récupération du coût d’investissem*nt réseau. Cependant, ces consommateurs (prosummeurs) dépendent autant du réseau qu’avant. La question examinée dans cette thèse est de savoir comment définir le tarif du réseau de distribution dans ce contexte changeant. Des différents modèles de théorie des jeux sont développés pour faire cette analyse. Dans ces modèles, en plus des investissem*nts dans l’énergie solaire photovoltaïque, des investissem*nts dans les batteries du côté des consommateurs sont aussi considérés. Ce rapport de thèse consiste en un bref aperçu suivi de quatre chapitres indépendants et d'une conclusion
The uptake of affordable solar PV panels challenges the way in which costs of distribution networks are recuperated from consumers. Historically, consumers were charged for the use of the distribution network mainly according to their (net) volume of electricity consumed over a period of time. With such volumetric network charges, consumers installing PV panels contribute a lot less towards the recuperation of network costs. However, these consumers (prosumers) still rely on the network as much as they did before. The question investigated in this thesis is how to re-design the distribution network tariff in this changing context. Different game-theoretical models are developed to conduct this analysis. In the models, not only investments in solar PV but also investments in batteries at the consumer-side are considered. The thesis consists of a brief overview followed by four standalone chapters and a conclusion

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Network charges need to paid for running electricity distribution networks. Network charges (tariffs) can be set to depend on not just total transferred energy, but on when it is transferred or the highest average power that is transferred over some period. This to make network charges more related to the cost of running the network, and to encourage changes of load patterns to reduce network congestion. In Sweden, there is a tradition of charging the fixed cost of network tariffs according to a fuse size. Newer methods use measured consumption to charge by time of use or peak consumption. This work surveys the current tariffs for residential network customers in 141 network companies in Sweden, showing some large differences in principle and cost. It then considers how these relate to network companies actual costs and to load patterns of customers, and the suitability of fuses for the power-based component of a network tariff. Companies have differences in tariff structures and prices because of various reasons such as opting for simplicity in creations of tariffs, amount of customers being supplied, monthly or hourly metering for customers etc. Examined load patterns also show that customers have a synchronized peak consumption of 20 minutes, although the data is a small number from another country. Customer engagement needs to be the focus for successful implementation of more dynamic tariffs based on time of use and peak consumption.
Elnätspriser är avgifter som betalas för drift av eldistributionsnät. Elnätspriser (tariffer) kan debiteras så att den inte beror den totala överförda energin som används utan när denna energi används eller den högsta genomsnittliga effektkonsumptionen under en viss period. Detta för att göra elnätsavgifterna mer relaterade till kostnaden till att driva nätverket och uppmuntra förändringar av belastningsmönster för att minska nätverksbegränsningar. I Sverige finns en tradition att basera de fasta kostnaderna i nätavgifter på huvudsäkringsstorlek. Nyare metoder använder uppmätt förbrukning för att debitera efter när energin har använts eller toppförbrukning. Detta arbete kartlägger de nuvarande tarifferna för bostadsnätkunder i 141 elnätsföretag i Sverige, vilket visar några stora skillnader i principer och kostnader. Därefter övervägs hur dessa relaterar till faktiska nätverkskostnader och lastmönster hos kunder och huvudsäkringarnas lämplighet för den effektbaserade komponenten i en nätverksavgift. Företag har skillnader i tariffstrukturer och priser p.g.a. olika anledningar som t.ex. att välja enkelhet i skapande av tariffer, antal kunder som el levereras till, månads- eller timmätning för kunder etc. Granskade belastningsmönster visar också att kunder har en synkroniserad toppförbrukning på 20 minuter. Kundengagemang måste vara fokus för en framgångsrik implementering av mer dynamiska tariffer baserat på elanvändningstid och toppförbrukning.

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Les objectifs de nos travaux de recherche sont multiples. Tout d’abord, ils balaient le champ de la théorie économique appliquée au secteur de l’énergie. De façon spécifique, il s’agit de revisiter les questions de régulation, de tarification et du bien être dans le contexte africain subsaharien où le secteur de l’énergie est en crise. Par la suite, nos recherches ouvrent un spectre sur les défis du continent que sont l’atteinte des objectifs du développement durable, l’économie mobile et l’innovation grâce à l’accès pour tous à l’électricité. Enfin, cette thèse s’articule au croisem*nt de la recherche théorique et appliquée en se basant sur des études de cas réels au Bénin. En conséquence, la nécessité d’enrichir la recherche en Afrique de façon générale et au Bénin de façon spécifique constituent un éventail des défis et opportunités à l’issue de ces travaux
Our research objectives are multiple. Front of all, we cover literature review in the fields of energy and economics. Specifically, we revisit regulation, pricing and well-being theories in sub-Saharan context where electricity sector is in crisis for a while. Subsequently, our results open up a deeper reflexion spectrum concerning sustainable development, mobile banking and innovation through access for all to clean energy. Finally, this thesis is articulated at the crossraods of theorical and applied research based on real study cases in Benin. Consequently, there is a strong need to expand applied research in African, and in Benin specifically because it constitutes a large scope of challenges and opportunities path beyond this work

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Access to electricity is a key factor of improving the living standard in a country, as it enhances the quality of services such as education, health care and productivity. The rural population of Uganda is however only supplied with electricity to a degree less than three percent. There are large financial issues in extending the national electricity grid why small stand alone systems are sometimes a more valuable option. Even then, there are large investment costs that need to be covered by the sale of electricity. Due to the limited buying power of rural consumers, the end-user tariff setting becomes of great significance of the financial outlook. If the tariff is set too high, the consumption will most likely be lower than what it could be, resulting in a loss of revenue as well as inhibiting the improvement of living standards for the consumers. On the other hand, if the tariff is set too low, it could lead to excessive consumption, resulting in power failures. In view of the above, the main aim of this study has been to investigate the consequences of different tariffs in an isolated rural power system. This was done by studying the electricity consumption in two already electrified rural networks in order to find information on demand behavior and load profiles. Interviews with electricity consumers were conducted to investigate how their demand would change if tariffs were altered. Demand as a function of price was shown by linear curves indicating the price sensitivity and demand factor, the latter being the theoretical maximum demand when price is zero. These parameters were modelled in Monte Carlo simulations with the aim to predict the demand behavior of a site that is not yet electrified and find the tariff that should be applied to this site. The simulations were based on two potential economic objectives of how to operate the system; by altruistic or profit maximising means. Depending on whether the system is altruistic or profit maximizing, the optimum point of tariff differs. In the altruistic case, this tariff should be set where the costs are covered by the revenues. The profit maximizing system instead requests the tariff where profit is as high as possible. Furthermore, two different structures of tariff setting were tested for the system; a structure with time-of-use levels where the tariff should be higher during the peak demand hours of the day, and a flat rate structure where the tariff is constant throughout the day. The field study showed that, on average, the price sensitivity factor of domestic consumers were slightly higher than of the commercial consumers. The results also showed that the majority of the commercial consumers reside in the same building as their business. Furthermore, rural consumers exhibit low awareness of their consumption patterns and the price of electricity. Extensive information from the distribution companies to the customers is therefore essential to maintain a sustainable electricity consumption, as it enables consumers to make rational decisions about their electricity consumption and opt for more efficient alternatives. A financial analysis for the specific case study was also conducted from simulations. The analysis found for an altruistic system a tariff slighly lower tariff than the tariff applied in the national grid today. However, the system will require an additional financing to cover the payments before the year when revenues exceed expenses, but can be paid back within eight years. The tariffs found by simulating with a profit maximizing system operator are more than twice as high as the current tariff applied in the national grid today. On the other hand, the system requires a very small additional loan or subsidy compared to the altruistic simulations and has a pay-off time within six years.

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The thesis deals with the topic of mobile communication in Czech republic. Its main task is to make reader fimiliar with different types of technology and digital standards on Czech mobile communication market. Thesis shows mobile communication providers in Czech republic, not only the conventional ones, but especially virtual operators(MVNO). It defines the legislation and position of Czech Telecommunication Office (ČTÚ). At the end, it analyzes the current market situation and try to offer the best solution for possible customer and also tries to find out whether it would pay off to the customer to switch to the virtual operator, based on mobile tariff price calculator.

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The upcoming expansion of electric vehicles (EV) will bring an increase in charging infrastructureas well as other challenges for the local network operators (LNO). Higher power peaks couldoverburden the electricity grid resulting in large investments from the LNO to meet the increaseddemand on the grid. Meanwhile, the investment costs related to charging stations are high for avery uncertain business case, with roughly 60 % of the annual costs to be paid to the LNO. Thehypothesis of this research is to create a tariff targeting EV charging stations making it cheaper tooperate the stations, both for the LNO and station owner. This is achieved by surrendering 100 %electricity supply when the electricity grid is overworked to help the increasing power demand onthe grid. In order to identify the strength and weaknesses of the suggested tariff from the station owners’point of view, 20 interviews were conducted with LNO, charge point operators (CPO), and othercharging station owners (CSO). Five key factors were identified: customer satisfaction,technological barriers, administrative issues, branding, and compensation. The CSO want a pricereduction of 20-50 % to use this tariff. It was also investigated to see what would happen if alreadyexisting customers to Nacka Energi AB (NEAB) would decide to opt for this tariff if they installcharging station, in order to make it cheaper for them as well. Data was collected from over 36 000 charging sessions. This was used to find the chargingbehaviour, power consumption peaks, and the cost items. The cost items were then manipulated inorder to find a fair price reduction over all fuse sizes that would result in an annual price reductionof 20-50 %. The final recommendation for the tariff is to reduce the fixed fee by 40 % in relation to the potentialfuture power tariff of NEAB, the rebate to 2 SEK/kW, power fee 25 SEK/kW and to set thevolumetric price to 0.05 SEK/kWh. The discussion identifies the conditions which must be fulfilledby the CSO and the LNO to use this tariff. These include: Separate meter and fuse at the chargingstation, fuse must not be greater than 63 A, the connection may not be turned off for more than 100hours each year, not be turned off for more than 3 consecutive hours and more than once a day, thecustomer may change tariff once a year and the rebate and power fee are based of the highest powerconsumption peak of the month. Conditions for existing customer was also evaluated. The conclusion to make charging cheaper forthem is to remove the fixed fee since they already pay for it in their existing connection. Otherwiseit will be more expensive than before.
Den framtida expansionen av eldrivna fordon kommer leda till en ökad laddinfrastruktur samtskapa problem för lokala elnätsföretag. Högre effekttoppar skulle kunna leda till ett överbelastatelnät vilket skulle kräva stora investeringar för elnätsföretagen för att klara av den ökadeefterfrågan av effekt. Idag är investeringskostnaderna för laddstationer höga för ett väldigt osäkert business case, där60 % av de årliga kostnaderna går till elnätsföretaget. Målsättningen för denna undersökning äratt utforma en tariff riktad mot kunder som är intresserade av att investera i elbilsladdare.Tariffen ska göra det billigare att driva laddstationen både för stationsägaren och elnätsföretaget.Detta uppnås genom att som stationsägare ge samtycke till att elnätsföretaget får brytaelektriciteten till laddstationerna då elnätet är överbelastat, detta för att underlätta ett överbelastatelnät. För att identifiera styrkor och svagheter för den föreslagna tariffen från stationsägarnasperspektiv utfördes 20 intervjuer med elnätsföretag, laddstationsoperatörer och laddstationsägare.Fem nyckelfaktorer identifierades: Kundlojalitet, teknologiska hinder, administrativa problem,varumärkesprofil och kompensation. Stationsägarna önskade en prissänkning på 20-50 % för attanvända tariffen. En undersökning för existerande kunder utfördes även för att se hur depåverkades av den föreslagna tariffen när de installerade laddstationer. Detta i syfte för att göradriften av laddstationerna billigare för dem. Data från 36 000 laddsessioner samlades ihop och användes för att hitta laddbeteende,effekttoppar, och kostnadsposter. Kostnadsposterna ändrades för att hitta en jämn prissänkningöver alla säkringsstorlekar som gav en årlig prissänkning av 20-50 %. Den slu*tgiltliga rekommendationen till Nacka Energis AB’s potentiella framtida effekttariff, äratt sänka den fasta avgiften med 40 %, behålla det rörliga priset på 0.05 SEK/kWh, behållaeffektavgiften på 25 SEK/kWh och sätta rabatten till 2 SEK/kW. De villkor som måste uppfyllasav stationsägaren och elnätföretaget för att använda tariffen inkluderar: separat mätare ochsäkring för stationen, säkringen får ej överskrida 63 A, uppkopplingen får ej vara avstängd merän 100 timmar per år, ej mer än 3 timmar i sträck och ej mer än en gång per dag, kunden får bytatariff en gång per år, och rabatten och effektavgiften baseras på den högsta effekttoppen imånaden. För att göra driften av laddstationer billigare för befintliga kunder utvärderades deras existerandevillkor. Sammanfattningsvis sänktes den fasta avgiften med 100 % då de redan i sitt befintligaabonnemang betalar för de kostnader som motsvarar den fasta avgiften hos elnätsbolaget. Utansänkningen av den fasta avgiften skulle det bli dyrare för dem att installera en laddstation.

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With continuously increasing urbanization, consumer demands and expansion of water supply systems, determination of efficient pump schedules became a more difficult task. Pumping energy costs constitute a significant part of the operational cost of the water distribution networks. This study aims to provide an effective daily pump schedule by minimizing the energy costs for constant and also for multi tariff of electricity (3 Kademeli Elektrik Tarifesi) in water distribution network. A case study has been performed in an area covering N8.3 and N7 pressure zones which are parts of Ankara water distribution network. Both pressure zones consists of 3 multiple pumps in pump station and one tank having 5000 m3 storage volume each. By using genetic algorithm based software (WaterCAD Darwin Scheduler) least-cost pump scheduling and operation policy for each pump station has been determined while satisfying target hydraulic performance requirements such as minimum and maximum service pressures, final water level of storage tank and maximum velocity in pipeline. 32 different alternative scenarios have been created which include multi tariff energy prices, constant tariff energy price, insulated system condition, uninsulated system condition and different pump combinations. The existing base scenario and alternative scenarios which were prepared by using optimal pump schedules have been compared and the achievements of optimizing pump operation have been analyzed. At the end of the study, a satisfying result has been observed that by using determined optimal pump schedule, minimum % 14 of total energy cost can be saved in existing water supply system.

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Questo studio presenta i risultati di una ricerca sull applicabilità di modelli di processi decisionali all'analisi delle scelte di investimento su progetti di impianti per la produzione energia alimentati tramite fonti rinnovabili. Scopo del lavoro è quello di fornire elementi innovativi per il miglioramento di metodologie (come l Analytic Network Pocess, ANP) che, pur presentandosi teoricamente adatte a condurre le analisi, presentano ancora una notevole complessità in fase di applicazione. Obiettivo del caso studio che sarà presentato è quello di migliorare gli strumenti per la definizione delle politiche nel campo dello sviluppo delle centrali di produzione energia alimentate a biomasse in Italia.L ANP fornisce un approccio realistico per la modellazione di situazioni complesse come il processo decisionale in progetti di investimento, perché permette di considerare nella valutazione di criteri ed alternative sia valori quantitativi sia qualitativi e di valutare le scelte tenendo in considerazione le interdipendenze che possono nascere tra le variabili.Il caso di studio ha richiesto l interazione con due esperti del settore delle energie rinnovabili: un manager di una società di investimento e un rappresentante della pubblica amministrazione con responsabilità nello sviluppo delle energie rinnovabili. L obiettivo del coinvolgimento di tali figure era quello di comprendere come gli investitori (pubblici o privati) interpretino la situazione e prendano decisioni quando si investe in impianti ad energia rinnovabile (a biomassa, in particolare), evidenziando anche le differenze nei criteri decisionali del settore pubblico e di quello privato. Sono stati così disegnati due scenari: uno mostra il processo decisionale così come avviene oggi, l altro scenario propone una modifica dei processi decisionali che mira al loro miglioramento attraverso l applicazione di una metodologia di analisi decisionale, quale l ANP, che mostra come il processo decisionale potrebbe essere influenzato con l'aggiunta di nuovi criteri decisionali, su quali progetti di impianti a biomassa si dovrebbe investire per garantire uno sviluppo sostenibile, fornendo un contributo alla progettazione dei sistemi di incentivazione. Per riprogettazione del sistema di incentivazione si intende la ridistribuzione dei pesi tra i criteri che determinano la scelta di un progetto piuttosto che un altro. Per ciascuno scenario gli esperti hanno valutato quattro alternative di investimento.

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With the growing concerns about energy shortage and demand supply imbalance, demand sidemanagement (DSM) activities has found its way into the mining industry. This study analyzesthe potential to save energy and energy-costs in underground mine ventilation networks, byapplication of DSM techniques. Energy saving is achieved by optimally adjusting the speedof the main fan to match the time-varying flow demand in the network, which is known asventilation on demand (VOD). Further cost saving is achieved by shifting load to off-peakor standard times according to a time of use (TOU) tariff, i.e. finding the optimal miningschedule.The network is modelled using graph theory and Kirchhoff’s laws; which is used to form anon-linear, constrained, optimization problem. The objective of this problem is formulatedto minimize the energy cost; and hence it is directly given as a function of the fan speed,which is the control variable. As such, the operating point is found for every change in thefan speed, by incorporating the fan laws and the system curve.The problem is solved using the fmincon solver in Matlab’s optimization toolbox. Themodel is analyzed for different scenarios, including varying the flow rate requirements and tariff structure. Although the results are preliminary and very case specific, the study suggeststhat significant energy and energy-cost saving can be achieved in a financially viablemanner.
Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
tm2015
Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering
MEng
Unrestricted

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There is a puzzle between the literature of competition of telecommunication networks and the reality. The first one has as the main result that the mobile termination rates will be set bellow the marginal cost to end a call. But the reality shows that the mobile termination rates are too high and the regulators faces a lot of constrains when they try to bring down the level of those rates, because the mobile networks oppose to those policies. This work develops a model based on ho*rnig (2010) that presents more realistic results. It will use a new assumption: the mobile networks will compete at the same market with a fixed network and this last one will have its prices regulated. This is a plausible assumption considering the actual development of the mobile networks. The model has two frameworks: at the first there is any kind of shared control between one of the mobile and fixed telephony, but at the second that shared control exists. Because of the assumption that the mobile and fixed networks will compete, this work has as general result that the mobile networks will set the mobile termination rates above the marginal cost of terminating a call.
Existe uma dissonância entre a teoria dominante de competição entre telefonias e evidências empíricas. Aquela tem como resultado que as redes de telefonia móvel irão definir a tarifa de interconexão abaixo do custo marginal de término da ligação. Já evidências empíricas diversas mostram que as tarifas de interconexão das telefonias móveis são mais elevadas e que as agências reguladoras encontram resistência destas ao aplicarem políticas de redução das tarifas de interconexão. Este trabalho desenvolve um modelo, baseado em ho*rnig (2010), que provê resultados mais aderentes às evidências de existência de incentivos para precificação de tarifas de interconexão acima do custo marginal. O modelo aqui proposto inova em relação a ho*rnig (2010) ao assumir que as redes de telefonia móvel concorrem com a telefonia fixa, a qual é sujeita à regulação da tarifa de interconexão. Esta é uma representação bastante plausível frente ao desenvolvimento da telefonia móvel. O modelo também considera o efeito de uma das empresas de telefonia móvel ter o seu controle compartilhado com a de telefonia fixa. Devido ao pressuposto de competição em um mesmo mercado entre telefonia fixa e móvel, é encontrado como resultado geral que as redes de telefonia móvel irão definir a tarifa de interconexão acima do custo marginal de término da ligação.

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In this thesis, methods of charging for the transmission system and optimising the expansion of the transmission network under the competitive power market are described. The first part of this thesis considers transmission tariff design. In the proposed approach, not only is all the necessary investment in the transmission system recovered, but also an absolute economic signal is offered which is very useful in the competitive power market. A fair power market opportunity is given to every participant by the new nodal-use method. The second part of this thesis considers transmission system expansion. All the tests are based on the Three Gorges Project in China. In this thesis, to optimally expand the transmission system, the LMP (Locational Marginal Price) selection method and the CBEP (Congestion-Based transmission system Expansion Planning) method are introduced. The LMP selection method is used to select optional plans for transmission system expansion. It is especially suitable for large transmission systems. The outstanding advantages of the LMP selection method are simplicity and computational efficiency. The CBEP method produces the optimal system expansion plan. For the first time, generation congestion and transmission congestion are separated within the system expansion problem. For this reason the CBEP method can be used in a supply-side power market and is suitable for the Chinese power market. In this thesis, the issue of how to relax the congestion in the transmission system have been solved. The transmission system can obtain enough income to recover the total required cost. For this reason more and more investment will come into the transmission system from investors. The risk for the independent generators is also under control in the CBEP method. Even when the system is congested, the uncertainty of LMP is taken into consideration.

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The goal of this diploma thesis is to prepare a marketing strategy for Telefónica O2 Czech Republic, a.s. The strategy is focused on target market and is based on questionnaire research made with respondents from target population. Strategy contains proposal of steps which could help to acquire new customers and keep recent customers. The diploma thesis also contains summary of information about the target population usable by Telefónica O2 for further analysis.

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Call quality has been crucial from the inception of telecommunication networks. Operators need to monitor call quality from the end-user's perspective, in order to retain subscribers and reduce subscriber 'churn'. Operators worry not only about call quality and interconnect revenue loss, but also about network connectivity issues in areas where mobile network gateways are prevalent. Bandwidth quality as experienced by the end-user is equally important in helping operators to reduce churn. The parameters that network operators use to improve call quality are mainly from the end-user's perspective. These parameters are usually ASR (answer seizure ratio), PDD (postdial delay), NER (network efficiency ratio), the number of calls for which these parameters have been analyzed and successful calls. Operators use these parameters to evaluate and optimize the network to meet their quality requirements. Analysis of speech quality is a major arena for research. Traditionally, users' perception of speech quality has been measured offline using subjective listening tests. Such tests are, however, slow, tedious and costly. An alternative method is therefore needed; one that can be automatically computed on the subscriber's handset, be available to the operator as well as to subscribers and, at the same time, provide results that are comparable with conventional subjective scores. QMeter® 'a set of tools for signal and bandwidth measurement that have been developed bearing in mind all the parameters that influence call and bandwidth quality experienced by the end-user' addresses these issues and, additionally, facilitates dynamic tariff propositions which enhance the credibility of the operator. This research focuses on call quality parameters from the end-user's perspective. The call parameters used in the research are signal strength, successful call rate, normal drop call rate, and hand-over drop rate. Signal strength is measured for every five milliseconds of an active call and average signal strength is calculated for each successful call. The successful call rate, normal drop rate and hand-over drop rate are used to achieve a measurement of the overall call quality. Call quality with respect to bundles of 10 calls is proposed. An attempt is made to visualize these parameters for better understanding of where the quality is bad, good and excellent. This will help operators, as well as user groups, to measure quality and coverage. Operators boast about their bandwidth but in reality, to know the locations where speed has to be improved, they need a tool that can effectively measure speed from the end-user's perspective. BM (bandwidth meter), a tool developed as a part of this research, measures the average speed of data sessions and stores the information for analysis at different locations. To address issues of quality in the subscriber segment, this research proposes the varying of tariffs based on call and bandwidth quality. Call charging based on call quality as perceived by the end-user is proposed, both to satisfy subscribers and help operators to improve customer satisfaction and increase average revenue per user. Tariff redemption procedures are put forward for bundles of 10 calls and 10 data sessions. In addition to the varying of tariffs, quality escalation processes are proposed. Deploying such tools on selected or random samples of users will result in substantial improvement in user loyalty which, in turn, will bring operational and economic advantages.

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Transmission charges are levied against generators and suppliers for their use of transmission networks. The majority of existing transmission charging methods were designed for a system dominated by conventional and controllable generation. The resultant transmission charges reflect network users’ contribution to the system peak. The integration of renewable generation brings fundamental challenges in transmission planning and charging. Main criteria of transmission planning have changed from meeting system peak demand to the trade-offs between operational and investment costs. Transmission charging is required to effectively reflect these trade-offs. This research work aims to develop novel transmission charging methods for low carbon power systems, reflecting the contribution to transmission investments from different generation technologies, different locations, and critically different times. It firstly identifies the key drivers and key conditions of transmission investments under the economic criteria. In the second step, the key drivers and conditions are reflected in the developing of T-LRIC method, ToU-LRIC method and ToU-ICRP method. Major innovations of the proposed methods include 1. reflecting the trade-offs between operational and investments costs by employing investment time horizons to reflect the impacts of system operation on transmission investments (T-LRIC method and ToU-LRIC method). 2. differentiating various generation technologies by firstly quantifying their impacts on the time horizons of network investments, then translating these impacts to transmission charges (T-LRIC method and ToU-LRIC method). 3. providing time-specific transmission charges, in which Time-of-Use periods are identified by clustering time-series congestion costs or transmission charges, thus reflecting the typical conditions of system congestions and the required transmission investments (ToU-LRIC method and ToU-ICRP method). The main benefits from introducing these innovations are i) to guide the short-run behaviours of network users, thus mitigating transmission congestions and promoting efficient utilization of existing networks; ii) to incentivize appropriate generation expansion, thus reducing or deferring costly future transmission investments.

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Orientador: Marcelo Libânio
Resumo: O objetivo do presente trabalho é avaliar modelos de previsão de tarifa de água, aplicados a autarquias municipais e empresas privadas, nas regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. Utilizando a metodologia de cálculo e posterior comparação dos erros obtidos para as previsões, verificando também a aplicabilidade das tarifas previstas para cada sistema de abastecimento. Utilizou-se dois modelos de previsão, o primeiro, fundamentado em técnicas de regressão linear múltipla e o segundo, baseado na aplicação de redes neurais artificiais. Avaliando, dessa forma, a capacidade de os dois modelos em questão preverem os valores tarifários a serem cobrados pelos prestadores de serviços de abastecimento de água e coleta de esgoto, a partir da análise das tarifas anteriormente praticadas. Os dados subsidiários para elaboração dos modelos foram obtidos por meio do sistema nacional de informações sobre saneamento (SNIS). Confirmada a consistência do banco de dados primário, procedeu-se com processamento destes dados, e definição das variáveis mais intervenientes para a definição da tarifa por meio da técnica de análise de correlação. Propôs-se a classificação dos sistemas de acordo com a classe jurídica do prestador de serviço, os cenários financeiros (superávit ou déficit) destes prestadores e o porte populacional dos municípios atendidos. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que os processos de previsão, em ambos os modelos utilizados, foram capazes de prever com elevada acurácia as tarifas, e garanti... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The objective of the present work was evaluating forecasting models for water tariff applied to municipal and private companies in the South and Southeast regions of Brazil. Using the calculation methodology and subsequent comparison of the errors obtained for the forecasts, also verifying the applicability of the forecast tariffs for each supply system. Two prediction models are used, the first based on multiple linear regression techniques and the second based on the application of artificial neural networks. Evaluating, in this way, the ability of the two models in question to predict the tariff values to be charged by the water supply and wastewater collection service providers, based on the analysis of the tariffs previously practiced. The subsidiary data for the elaboration of the models were obtained through the national sanitation information system (SNIS). Confirming the consistency of the primary database, we proceeded with processing of these data and definition of the most intervening variables for the definition of the tariff through the correlation analysis technique. The classification of the systems according to the legal class of the service provider, the financial scenarios (surplus or deficit) of these providers and the population size of the municipalities served were proposed. The obtained results indicated that the forecasting processes, in both models used, were able to predict with high accuracy the tariffs, and guaranteed the maintenance of the surplu... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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La Directive européenne et les politiques de prévention du changement climatique conduisentà un développement important des Énergies Renouvelables pour la production d'électricité. Cecontexte politique est en train d'induire l'insertion massive de production intermittente d'origineéolien dans les réseaux électriques. Pour répondre à la question des limites de l'intégration de l'éoliendans les réseaux électriques, nous nous appuyons sur l'étude des aspects technique et économiques.Dans ce cadre, cette thèse s'intéresse d'une part à l'étude de l'efficacité des dispositifs d'incitationéconomique du point de vue de leur efficacité à stimuler la croissance de l'énergie éolienne et d'autrepart, aux problématiques techniques de court et long terme liées à l'intermittence de l'éolien. Dans lecourt-terme, les problèmes du réseau électrique ainsi que les ajustements dans le marché del'électricité sont abordés. Dans le long terme, l'impact de l'éolien sur la sûreté de fonctionnement estévalué au moyen d'un algorithme de calcul du crédit de capacité de l'éolien
The development of Renewable Energy for electricity production has increased due to theEuropean policies and directives to prevent climate change. This political context is promoting amassive insertion of intermittent wind electricity production into electrical networks. There are stilldoubts about the limitations of integrating wind power into the electrical networks. For this reason,we focus on the study technical and economic aspects to approach these limitations. The firstpurpose of this research is to determine the effectiveness of the economical incentives policies inorder to stimulate growth in the wind power production. The second one is to evaluate the technicalproblems in the short and long term caused by the intermittency of wind power. In the short-term,the problems of power systems as well as the adjustments in the electricity market are discussed. Inthe long term, the impact of wind power reliability (in the network) is evaluated by using an algorithmto calculate the capacity credit of wind power

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Orientadores: Hermano Medeiros Ferrera Tavares, Marcos Carneiro da Silva
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e Computação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T03:17:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1Navarro_MaristelaDomeni_M.pdf: 2037867 bytes, checksum: a858cc3260dae4659d1b3cdfece3f4f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006
Resumo: Este trabalho objetiva verificar a viabilidade da utilização da rede das operadoras de televisão à cabo para medição remota e tarifação diferenciada de energia elétrica para consumidores alimentados em baixa tensão - Grupo B. Envolve a criação de protótipos de hardware e software para controle da comunicação, obtenção dos dados e controle operacional dos medidores de energia executados remotamente a partir de uma central. A arquitetura implementada tem três elementos principais: o Ponto de Presença, instalado no quadro de medidores do consumidor; o Controlador Central de Comunicação, instalado na operadora de televisão à cabo, responsável pela comunicação com os Pontos de Presença monitorados e pela concentração e envio de informações ao Centro de Aplicações, o último elemento da arquitetura. Resultados foram coletados e avaliados, abordando aspectos como a viabilidade técnica, vantagens e desvantagens. Esse trabalho proporcionou ainda um breve estudo de novas formas de comunicação remota com medidores usando outros meios físicos de comunicação
Abstract: This work was developed to verify the viability to use the cable TV infra-structure for remote measurement and billing for consumers fed in low tension - Group B. It involved the creation of hardware and software prototypes for control of the communication to collecting data remotely of the energy meter from a central office. The implemented architecture has three main elements: the Point of Presence, installed at the consumer side; the Central Controller, installed in the Cable TV headend, responsible for the communication with the Points of Presence and for the concentration and sending of information to the Application Center, the last element of the architecture. Results had been collected and evaluated, taking into account aspects as the viability technique, advantages and disadvantages. This work still provided a briefing study of new ways of remote communication with the energy meters using other infra-structure of communication
Mestrado
Automação
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

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Smarta elnät nämns ofta som ett sätt att hantera ökad elektrifiering av transporter och industri och en växande andel väderberoende elproduktion. Ett syfte med det här examensarbetet är att studera möjliga följder för lokalnätägaren Sala-Heby Energi Elnät AB, om småhuskunder använder smart styrning av elvärmesystem för att sänka sina elnätsfakturor. Med rådande tariffmodell betalar småhusägaren för den gångna månadens tre högsta timmedeleffekter kl. 07 till 19 helgfria vardagar. Hur nätägaren påverkas av styrning, är en central fråga för projektet Auto-Flex, som startade i januari 2021. Uppsatsens litteraturstudie pekar på att efterfrågeflexibilitet kan ge olika följder för elnätet och för elmarknadens parter, beroende på vilka incitament som används för att skapa ett flexibelt beteende. Med efterfrågeflexibilitet avses här kunders förmåga att flytta eller minska sitt lastuttag från elnätet. I det här examensarbetet utförs beräkningar i Excel för att undersöka följderna av laststyrning och analysen utgår från historiska elmätardata från ca 140 anonymiserade hushållskunder samt från data över effektuttag från regionnätet. Beräkningarna visar att styrning som gynnar kunden ekonomiskt blir en förlustaffärför Sala-Heby Energi Elnät AB, trots sänkt effektuttag från regionnätet. Det gäller, i de flesta fall, även när extra styrning läggs till under timmar då effektuttaget från regionnätet är högt. Resultaten bygger på förenklade beräkningar, där ingen hänsyn tagits till hur effektsänkning av elvärmesystem samspelar med väderfaktorer eller med styrningens varaktighet. Samma effektsänkning har antagits vid varje styrtillfälle och för alla hushåll. Ett andra syfte med det här examensarbetet är att undersöka hur huvudaktörerna i projektet Auto-Flex ser på säkerhetsfrågor i samband utvecklingen mot ett mer IT-beroende elnät. Därför genomfördes två semistrukturerade intervjuer, med integritet, leveranssäkerhet och affärsmodeller som teman. Intervjupersonerna lyfte inga allvarliga hot kopplade till projektet Auto-Flex. Samtidigt kunde de se teoretiska risker med storskalig smart laststyrning i kapacitetssvaga elnät. Mer forskning behövs om smarta elnät och hållbarhet. Kopplingen mellan incitament till flexibilitet och flexibilitetens inverkan på elnätet, hur sårbarheter kopplade till informationsteknik påverkar elnätets leveranssäkerhet och hur smartteknik står sig miljömässigt i förhållande till nätutbyggnad är tre intressanta områden.
By facilitating demand side management, smart grids are expected to smooth the way for a transition to cleaner electric energy. This bachelor’s thesis aims to analyse the consequences for a distribution system operator (DSO) of direct load control,which is set to minimize the consumer’s bill for power transmission. This is also a central theme in the recently initiated Auto-Flex smart grid project, with main actors DSO Sala-Heby Energi Elnät AB and tech company Ngenic AB. The included study of scientific articles points out that the impact of demand response on electric grids is largely determined by incentives used to harvest demand side flexibility. In this thesis, the consequences of direct load control are examined by means of simplified calculations in Excel, analysing electric meter data from approximately 140 anonymous customers, in addition to power supply data for the township connection to the regional distribution grid. If customers with electric heating systems would install load control equipment to lower their power transmission bills, the local DSO would experience reduced revenues. The reduction in revenues would not be offset economically by curbed peak power transmission from the regional grid, according to the executed calculations. Even if extra load control was added in peak days, the net economic result for the local DSO would still be negative in most of the studied cases. Individual characteristics of heating systems and buildings have not been accounted for in this study, neither has the correlation between load reduction, outdoor temperature and load control duration. A second aim of this thesis is to examine attitudes of the main actors in the Auto-Flex project on confidentiality, reliability and demand side management business models in relation to the development of smart grids. Through semi-structured interviews, it was revealed that neither chief executive officer of Ngenic AB, Björn Berg, nor chief grid officer of Sala-Heby Energi Elnät AB, Per-Erik Johansson, see any severe threats against customer confidentiality, nor against power reliability, when implementing direct load control within the project. However, it was pointed out that an electric grid with very low physical capacity could become vulnerable to load control failures. Further examination of the connection between business models, power reliability, and cyber security are crucial to ensure socially, economically, and environmentally sustainable smart grids.

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Cette thèse porte sur les modèles d'équilibre dynamique sur un réseau de transport et de leurs applications à l'affectation de trafic. Elle vise à proposer une formulation à la fois générale, mathématiquement rigoureuse et microéconomiquement cohérente de l'équilibre dynamique. Une attention toute particulière est accordée à la représentation de la demande de transport et plus spécifiquement à la modélisation des hétérogénéités dans les préférences des usagers du réseau, ainsi que de leurs stratégies de choix d'horaires dans leurs déplacements. Tout d'abord nous exprimons l'équilibre dynamique comme un jeu de Nash avec un continuum de joueurs. Cette formulation nous permet d'obtenir un résultat d'existence. Celui-ci s'applique notamment au plus simple des modèles d'équilibre dynamique, où les usagers sont identiques et ne choisissent pas leurs horaires de départ. Ensuite, nous présentons deux modèles d'équilibre pour lesquels une solution analytique peut être établie. Le premier est une généralisation du modèle de goulot de Vickrey. Alors que Vickrey considère une distribution des horaires préférés d'arrivée en forme de S, nous traitons de distributions quelconques. Le deuxième modèle proposé est un réseau à péage avec deux routes et des usagers dont la valeur du temps est distribuée. Ce modèle nous permet d'investiguer les efficacités relatives de différentes stratégies de tarification et de voir comment celles-ci sont affectés par le niveau d'hétérogénéité dans la valeur du temps. Pour finir, un modèle calculable est présenté et des méthodes de résolution sont proposées. Le modèle est testé sur le réseau routier national. Par ailleurs, il est exploité pour tester une tarification modulée en fonction du temps dont l'objectif est d'atténuer la congestion lors des grands départs de vacances
This thesis is focused on dynamic user equilibrium (DUE) models and theirapplications to traffic assignment. It aims at providing a mathematically rigorous and general formulation for the DUE. Particular attention is paid to the representation of transport demand and more specifically to trip scheduling and users with heterogeneous preferences.The DUE is first expressed as a Nash game with a continuum of players. It strongly relies on up-to-date results from mathematical economics. This formulation allows to prove an existence result for DUE. This results notably applies to one of the simplest dynamic user equilibrium model, where users are hom*ogeneous and departure time choice is not allowed.Then, two simple DUE models for which the solutions can be derived analytically are presented. The first one is a generalization of the Vickrey's bottleneck model. Whereas Vickrey assumed that the distribution of preferred arrival time is S-shaped, we consider more general distributions. In the second model, we have a two-route tolled network where users are continuously heterogeneous with respect to their value of time. This allows us to conduct a study on the relative efficiencies of various pricing strategy and how it is affected by the level of heterogeneity in users' value of time.Finally, a computable model is designed and corresponding solution methods are proposed. A test on the french national road network is conducted. The model is used to assess an hypothetical time-varying pricing scheme intended to ease summer traffic congestion

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La programmation bi-niveau désigne une classe de problèmes d'optimisation emboîtés impliquant deux joueurs.Un joueur meneur annonce une décision à un joueur suiveur qui détermine sa réponse parmi l'ensemble des solutions d'un problème d'optimisation dont les données dépendent de la décision du meneur (problème de niveau bas).La décision optimale du meneur est la solution d'un autre problème d'optimisation dont les données dépendent de la réponse du suiveur (problème de niveau haut).Lorsque la réponse du suiveur n'est pas unique, on distingue les problèmes bi-niveaux optimistes et pessimistes,suivant que la réponse du suiveur soit respectivement la meilleure ou la pire possible pour le meneur.Les problèmes bi-niveaux sont souvent utilisés pour modéliser des problèmes de tarification. Dans les applications étudiées ici, le meneur est un vendeur qui fixe un prix, et le suiveur modélise le comportement d'un grand nombre de clients qui déterminent leur consommation en fonction de ce prix. Le problème de niveau bas est donc de grande dimension.Cependant, la plupart des problèmes bi-niveaux sont NP-difficiles, et en pratique, il n'existe pas de méthodes générales pour résoudre efficacement les problèmes bi-niveaux de grande dimension.Nous introduisons ici une nouvelle approche pour aborder la programmation bi-niveau.Nous supposons que le problème de niveau bas est un programme linéaire, en variables continues ou discrètes,dont la fonction de coût est déterminée par la décision du meneur.Ainsi, la réponse du suiveur correspond aux cellules d'un complexe polyédral particulier,associé à une hypersurface tropicale.Cette interprétation est motivée par des applications récentes de la géométrie tropicale à la modélisation du comportement d'agents économiques.Nous utilisons la dualité entre ce complexe polyédral et une subdivision régulière d'un polytope de Newton associé pour introduire une méthode dedécomposition qui résout une série de sous-problèmes associés aux différentes cellules du complexe.En utilisant des résultats portant sur la combinatoire des subdivisions, nous montrons que cette décomposition mène à un algorithme permettant de résoudre une grande classe de problèmes bi-niveaux en temps polynomial en la dimension du problème de niveau bas lorsque la dimension du problème de niveau haut est fixée.Nous identifions ensuite des structures spéciales de problèmes bi-niveaux pour lesquelles la borne de complexité peut être améliorée.C'est en particulier le cas lorsque la fonction coût du meneur ne dépend que de la réponse du suiveur.Ainsi, nous montrons que la version optimiste du problème bi-niveau peut être résolue en temps polynomial, notammentpour des instancesdans lesquelles les données satisfont certaines propriétés de convexité discrète.Nous montrons également que les solutions de tels problèmes sont des limites d'équilibres compétitifs.Dans la seconde partie de la thèse, nous appliquons cette approche à un problème d'incitation tarifaire dans les réseaux mobiles de télécommunication.Les opérateurs de données mobiles souhaitent utiliser des schémas de tarification pour encourager les différents utilisateurs à décaler leur consommation de données mobiles dans le temps, et par conséquent dans l'espace (à cause de leur mobilité), afin de limiter les pics de congestion.Nous modélisons cela par un problème bi-niveau de grande taille.Nous montrons qu'un cas simplifié peut être résolu en temps polynomial en utilisant la décomposition précédente,ainsi que des résultats de convexité discrète et de théorie des graphes.Nous utilisons ces idées pour développer une heuristique s'appliquant au cas général.Nous implémentons et validons cette méthode sur des données réelles fournies par Orange
Bilevel programming deals with nested optimization problems involving two players. A leader annouces a decision to a follower, who responds by selecting a solution of an optimization problem whose data depend on this decision (low level problem). The optimal decision of the leader is the solution of another optimization problem whose data depend on the follower's response (high level problem). When the follower's response is not unique, one distinguishes between optimistic and pessimistic bilevel problems, in which the leader takes into account the best or worst possible response of the follower.Bilevel problems are often used to model pricing problems.We are interested in applications in which the leader is a seller who announces a price, and the follower models the behavior of a large number of customers who determine their consumptions depending on this price.Hence, the dimension of the low-level is large. However, most bilevel problems are NP-hard, and in practice, there is no general method to solve efficiently large-scale bilevel problems.In this thesis, we introduce a new approach to tackle bilevel programming. We assume that the low level problem is a linear program, in continuous or discrete variables, whose cost function is determined by the leader. Then, the follower responses correspond to the cells of a special polyhedral complex, associated to a tropical hypersurface. This is motivated by recent applications of tropical geometry to model the behavior of economic agents.We use the duality between this polyhedral complex and a regular subdivision of an associated Newton polytope to introduce a decomposition method, in which one solves a series of subproblems associated to the different cells of the complex. Using results about the combinatorics of subdivisions, we show thatthis leads to an algorithm to solve a wide class of bilevel problemsin a time that is polynomial in the dimension of the low-level problem when the dimension of the high-level problem is fixed.Then, we identify special structures of bilevel problems forwhich this complexity bound can be improved.This is the case when the leader's cost function depends only on the follower's response. Then, we showthe optimistic bilevel problem can be solved in polynomial time.This applies in particular to high dimensional instances in which the datasatisfy certain discrete convexity properties. We also show that the solutions of such bilevel problems are limits of competitive equilibria.In the second part of this thesis, we apply this approach to a price incentive problem in mobile telecommunication networks.The aim for Internet service providers is to use pricing schemes to encourage the different users to shift their data consumption in time(and so, also in space owing to their mobility),in order to reduce the congestion peaks.This can be modeled by a large-scale bilevel problem.We show that a simplified case can be solved in polynomial time by applying the previous decomposition approach together with graph theory and discrete convexity results. We use these ideas to develop an heuristic method which applies to the general case. We implemented and validated this method on real data provided by Orange

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In this thesis we study the problem of road taxation. This problem consists in finding the toll on the roads belonging to the government or a private company in order to maximize the revenue. An optimal taxation policy consists in determining level of tolls low enough to favor the use of toll arcs, and high enough to get important revenues. Since there are twolevels of decision, the problem is formulated as a bilevel bilinear program.
Doctorat en sciences, Orientation recherche opérationnelle
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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This diploma work deals with the description, analysis and suggestino of improvement of the imperfect traffic service of important cities in the southeastern part of southern Bohemia in relation to České Budějovice. These problem points are solved: clash traffic supply with the demand, missing tact graphicon, bad transfers and missing integrated traffic system.

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Le développement de la mobilité électrique est le principal compromis technologique qui peut permettre au secteur automobile de réduire drastiquement ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de polluants locaux. Du retrait des véhicules thermiques à l'intégration des véhicules électriques dans le système électrique, cette thèse étudie plusieurs aspects économiques de cette transition énergétique.Le premier chapitre étudie empiriquement les effets des politiques urbaines de restriction de circulation des véhicules les plus polluants, en analysant le comportement de vendeur de voitures sur les marchés locaux de l’occasion.Le deuxième chapitre étudie théoriquement les conditions optimales de l’électrification du parc automobile. Il donne notamment des recommandations quant à la coordination de politiques sectorielles. Le troisième poursuit en détaillant les interactions entre mobilité électrique et énergie photovoltaique. Il développe un cadre d’analyse mettant en évidence les conditions techniques et économiques de ces interactions donnant lieu à une synergie.Le quatrième chapitre discute des effets distributifs de la tarification de l’accès aux réseaux électriques en présence de développement conjoint de la mobilité électrique et sources de production d’électricité décentralisée
The development of electric mobility is the main technological compromise that will allow the automobile sector to drastically reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants. From the ban of thermal vehicles to the integration of electric vehicles in the power sector, this dissertation investigates several economic aspects of this transition.First, it empirically studies the impacts of urban policies that limit the access of most polluting vehicles by analyzing the behavior of car sellers on second-hand markets. Then, it theoretically precises the optimal conditions of the electrification of the automobile fleet how governments may plan support policies for electric vehicles that take into account their interaction with the power system.Third, it investigates the interaction between electric mobility and photovoltaic energy. It develops a systematic framework that enlightens technical and economic conditions of synergy.Fourth, it discusses the distributional effects from tariff design of power network with both distributed energy resources and electric mobility

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This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.

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碩士
東吳大學
國際貿易學系
92
Abstract This thesis re-investigates the optimum of import tariffs under an import duopoly Cournot game when products posses network externalities. The products of domestic and foreign firms can be either compatible or incompatible. Our key findings go as follows. When products are compatible, the characteristics of Cournot competition exhibit both the strategic substitutes and complement. Thus, as long as the marginal network externalities are large enough, the optimal import policy is to subsidize the foreign imports. The level of optimal tariffs with network externalities is higher than that of without network externalities regardless of the optimum of tariffs is positive of negative. When products are incompatible, if the marginal network externalities of the foreign firm are large enough, then the welfare-maximizing government may subsidize the foreign imports. Furthermore, when the network externalities of the domestic product are higher than those of the foreign product, the level of optimal tariffs with network externalities may be higher than that of without network externalities.

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碩士
逢甲大學
財稅學系
107
This paper uses the three-country two-firm model to explore the global welfare level between the unified tariff system and the differential tariff system in the case of network externalities and product heterogeneity. It is found that (a) without network externalities and hom*ogeneity of products, the global welfare of uniform tariffs is greater than that of differential tariffs. (b) In the absence of network externalities, when the product is different from the product, the greater the product difference, the global welfare of the unified tariff is smaller than the differential tariff, and the smaller the product difference, the opposite result will be obtained. (c) In the case of network externalities and product heterogeneity, the greater the product differences and the smaller the network externalities, the smaller the global welfare of uniform tariffs than that of differential tariffs. The smaller the product differences and the smaller the network externalities, or the greater the network externalities and the heterogeneity of products, the opposite result will be obtained.

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Abstract:

A indústria de telecomunicações caracteriza-se pela existência de fortes externalidades de rede, as quais podem ser aprofundadas pelas políticas de pricing adotadas pelos operadores móveis.Com vista a tirar partido desta realidade, os operadores móveis optam por incorporar na definição dos seus tarifários uma diferenciação entre chamadas on-net (dentro da rede) e off-net (fora da rede).A existência de um constrangimento para a concorrência não se coloca pela presença de efeitos de rede e de tarifários diferenciados, mas antes pela magnitude desta combinação.A análise prévia de alguns indicadores de mercado motivou a investigação sobre este tema, desde logo por se verificar que a situação em Portugal encontra alguns paralelismos com a registada noutros países tendo levado, nesses casos, à atuação das respetivas entidades competentes.Neste sentido, o presente trabalho procura avaliar em que medida a exploração das externalidades de rede pelos operadores móveis portugueses através da oferta de tarifários com uma elevada discriminação pode ser considerada como uma falha de mercado. Caso seja comprovada semelhante prática, pretende-se refletir sobre abordagens regulatórias do problema, considerando as competências e poderes das autoridades com capacidade de intervenção neste âmbito (ICP-ANACOM e Autoridade da Concorrência), tendo em vista a identificação das necessidades de intervenção e a avaliação dos impactos e consequências esperados no mercado móvel em Portugal.Por fim, tendo presente as possibilidades disponíveis, pretende-se apresentar uma proposta de intervenção que se considera adequada para a resolução do problema identificado.
The telecommunications industry is characterized by the existence of strong network externalities, which may be fleshed out by the pricing policies adopted by mobile operators.In order to take advantage of this fact, mobile operators choose to incorporate in the definition of its tariffs to differentiate between on-net calls (within the network) and off-net (offside its network).The existence of competition constraints do not arise by the presence of network effects and differentiated tariffs, but rather by the magnitude of the combined effects.The analysis of some market indicators prompted the research on this question, since the situation in Portugal has some parallels with other countries, where this issue has motivated investigation by the respective competent authorities.In fact, the present paper seeks to assess the extent to which the exploitation of network externalities by Portuguese mobile operators offering highly discriminatory tariffs may be considered as a market failure. If such practice is proven, we intend to analyze different regulatory approaches to the problem, considering the responsibilities and powers of the authorities with competences to act in this context (ICP-ANACOM and Competition Authority), in order to identify intervention needs and evaluate their expected impact and consequences in the Portuguese mobile market.Finally, bearing in mind the available possibilities, we intend to submit a proposal for regulatory intervention which we considered to be suitable to solve the problem identified.

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This thesis emphasizes the role of political risk in international businessby analyzing the impact of political events on the valuation of firms. Theguiding question is how governments interfere with the business interests offirms located in their own country as well as with the business interests offirms from other nations, as a consequence of the application of internationalsanctions. Therefore, the focus is on multi-country and multi-sector effects dueto the occurrence of specific sanction events. The empirical methodology is theevent-study approach, which analyzes stock market reactions to new information.The research objective is to detect abnormal stock returns across multiplemarkets and sectors, as a consequence of events related to the imposition of orthreat of international sanctions. The empirical model of this thesis differentiatesbetween risk-effects for firms located in the sender country (i.e., the origin ofsanctions), for firms located in or specifically related to target countries (i.e.,the receiver of sanctions) and firms located in third countries (i.e., countriesnot directly involved). There are three different cases analyzed: E.U. EconomicSanctions against African countries (2002-2005), the U.S. Steel Tariff (2002) andthe Iran Sanctions Act (2007). The cases represent sanctions applied on thenationwide, sector- and firm-specific level. The event studies provide empiricalevidence for the existence of political risk-effects due to sector-specific sanctions.Risk-effects are detected for firms in target countries and for firms in the sendercountry itself. The applied political risk framework describes how political riskaffects multinational firm value and explains that it varies among firms. Theimpact of political risk on a firm's value depends on the risk exposure of a firm'sindividual business interests to it. This contributes a new perspective on politicalrisk that emphasizes multinational and multi-sectoral effects and underlines that aspecific political risk can be relevant for a variety of different international businessinterests. (author's abstract)

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The thesis deals with the question about necessary conditions to achieve the objective of a high level of consumer protection in the context of the ongoing internal electricity market taking into account the grid-bound electricity supply, which is characterized by the natural monopoly of regulated networks as well as by competition for the hom*ogeneous product electricity. It evaluates the relationship between effective competition and energy sector-specific consumer protection taking into account the energy-specific regulatory law and examines in detail the regulations of the Directive 2009/72/EC concerning consumer protection under the perspective of enabling the responsible and informed consumer to operate as a self-determined market participant and so shape the market actively towards its completion. After art. 114 TFEU as the existing central norm concerning the alignment of the internal energy market is distinguished from other possible competence rules like the new energy sector-specific competence title of art. 194 TFEU the requirements developed by the ECJ case law concerning art. 114 TFEU from the point of view of the energy sector-specific consumer protection are presented. The thesis clarifies both to what extent in Directive 2009/72/EC codified consumer rights are suitable to achieve...